Leadership is the ability to guide, motivate, and persuade others toward a common objective. A leader is someone who guides and motivates people to achieve a common objective, and they play an important role in determining the direction and success of a team or organization. Leaders can take many different shapes, including authoritarian, democratic, laissez-faire, … Read more
Private Extension System involve the delivery of agricultural advising services by private enterprises, such as agribusinesses, non-governmental organizations, and consultants, rather than government agencies. In contrast to traditional public sector approaches, a private extension system provides agricultural advice services through private entities such as agribusiness corporations, NGOs, and consultants. Key components include commercial service providers, … Read more
Privatization of agri-extension entails shifting agricultural advising services from government control to private enterprises with the goal of increasing efficiency, innovation, and market responsiveness. This transition is motivated by limited public resources, a demand for specialized knowledge, and a need for more accountable and personalized services. In a public-private extension system, collaboration between the government … Read more
Sustainable agricultural technology entails adopting innovative practices and instruments to increase agricultural productivity while reducing environmental effect, assuring economic sustainability, and encouraging social responsibility. It prioritizes resource efficiency, soil health, biodiversity conservation, and reduced reliance on nonrenewable resources. The goal is to meet current agricultural requirements without jeopardizing future generations’ ability to do the same, … Read more
Extension services facilitate technological transfer by bridging the gap between research organizations and farmers. Their primary responsibilities include educating and training farmers about new technologies, disseminating information via multiple media, offering consulting services for issue resolution and decision-making, and exhibiting innovations through on-farm trials. Introduction to Technology Transfer and Extension Services Technology transfer is the … Read more
The concept of adopters in innovation decision-making is based on Everett Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations hypothesis. This idea classifies people within a social system according to their readiness and speed to adopt new innovations or technologies. The categories contribute to understanding how and why innovations spread across different populations over time. Introduction to Innovation Adoption … Read more
The innovation diffusion process defines how a new concept, product, or technology spreads across a population over time. It consists of several stages-awareness, appraisal, trial, and adoption—in which individuals or organizations decide whether to accept the innovation. People are divided into categories such as innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards, each having … Read more
Contemporary agricultural extension approaches place a premium on participatory, demand-driven, and holistic methodologies. These techniques promote farmer participation in decision-making by leveraging modern technology such as digital platforms, mobile applications, and GIS to improve information dissemination and advisory services. Sustainable agricultural methods, climate resilience, market access, and value chain development are prioritized in order to … Read more
Agricultural extension in Nepal has progressed tremendously since its inception. Its history dates back to the 1950s, when the Department of Agriculture was established with the goal of increasing agricultural output through the diffusion of information and technology. Early attempts were characterized by a top-down approach, with agricultural officers providing training and doing field visits. … Read more
Teaching-learning are guided by foundational theories, laws, and principles that shape effective educational practices. Theories such as behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism provide frameworks for understanding how learners acquire knowledge and skills. Laws like the Law of Effect highlight how behaviors are reinforced or discouraged based on outcomes. Principles such as active engagement, feedback, and differentiation … Read more