The Land Grant System (LGS) of universities in the United States is a unique educational model designed to promote higher education, research, and public service, notably in agriculture, science, and engineering. The Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 established the system by providing states with federal land to fund the building of universities. These institutions, … Read more
Sharing, linking, and cooperation are important processes in agricultural extension system that improve the efficiency and efficacy of service delivery to farmers. These principles are critical for facilitating the transfer of knowledge, technology, and resources between sectors and stakeholders. Sharing aids in the distribution of information and technology, linkage promotes coordinated support among multiple groups, … Read more
Social deviance refers to activities that go against societal norms and expectations, ranging from small rule violations to more significant criminal acts. Social control refers to the official and informal processes used to govern conduct and maintain order. Deviance can be classified as primary, secondary, or positive, and control can be official or informal. Theories … Read more
Major institutions providing extension and advisory services in the country include government agencies, agricultural research institutions, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), private sector firms, farmer-based organizations (FBOs), and international organizations.These institutions collaborate to provide technical advice, training, and assistance to farmers, assisting them in adopting better agricultural methods, gaining market access, and increasing productivity. Together, they serve … Read more
Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) in agricultural development programs includes a variety of tools, strategies, and approaches for determining program success and impact. Methods include both quantitative instruments like surveys and qualitative approaches like interviews. Baseline surveys, performance monitoring, and participatory evaluations are examples of techniques used to track development on an ongoing basis. The Logical … Read more
Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) are critical activities in extension program for tracking progress and determining impact. Monitoring is the continual gathering of data during program implementation to ensure that activities are on track, whereas evaluation examines the program’s effectiveness and outcomes after implementation. M&E work together to give insights for improving program effectiveness, assuring accountability, … Read more
Agriculture program planning cycle is a systematic strategy to meeting the needs of farmers and rural communities. It employs a variety of planning methods, including top-down, bottom-up, and participatory techniques, and operates at multiple levels, ranging from national to municipal to individual farms. The program planning cycle consists of several essential steps: needs assessment, problem … Read more
Program Planning in Agricultural extension is guided by core ideas and a philosophy that emphasizes the necessity of being needs-driven, inclusive, adaptable, and sustainable. The principles emphasize community engagement, resource optimization, and integration with larger development efforts, while the philosophy emphasizes the importance of people-centered development, knowledge empowerment, and long-term sustainability. These aspects work together … Read more
Program planning in agricultural extension is the systematic design and organization of extension operations to meet the unique requirements and problems of farmers and rural communities. It entails identifying needs, establishing specific goals, and devising ways to boost agricultural productivity, empower farmers, and encourage sustainable practices. The scope of program planning extends from resource allocation … Read more
Local leaders play an important role in rural development initiatives by encouraging community engagement, enabling communication between communities and development organizations, and leading decision-making procedures. Their in-depth awareness of local requirements and conditions guarantees that development programs are relevant, effective, and sustainable. They contribute to the long-term viability and good impact of rural development projects … Read more