Insect metamorphosis and development occur in several life stages that differ between species. Incomplete insect metamorphosis includes three stages: egg, nymph, and adult, with the nymph gradually resembling the adult. Complete insect metamorphosis consists of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult, with major modifications taking place during the pupal stage. Ametabolous development entails minor … Read more
A life cycles describes the stages that an organism goes through from birth to reproduction and death, including growth and maturation. Life-history refers to an organism’s methods for allocating resources such as time and energy for survival, development, and reproduction, which are impacted by environmental and evolutionary factors. Life cycles and life-history features, such as … Read more
The internal anatomy and physiology of respiration, circulation, feeding, digestion, and excretion are interconnected systems that sustain life. The respiratory system supports gas exchange by delivering oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide. The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrition, and wastes throughout the body. Feeding and digestion entails breaking down food into vital nutrients that are taken … Read more
Insect mouthparts are adapted to their eating behaviors, such as chewing (grasshoppers), piercing-sucking (mosquitoes), siphoning (butterflies), and sponging (houseflies). Their exoskeleton, also known as the cuticle, is a chitin-based protective coat composed of the epicuticle, exocuticle, and endocuticle, which harden through sclerotization. The cuticle creates sclerites, which are hard plates that offer structural support and … Read more
Insect antennae are diverse sensory organs that sense chemical signals (smell), vibrations, and, in some cases, temperature and humidity. Insects have highly developed antennae that vary greatly in shape and function, detecting chemical, mechanical, and even thermal stimuli. Filiform (thread-like), pectinate (comb-like), and plumose (feathery) features are common adaptations designed for specific objectives such as … Read more
In insects, the thorax is the core body portion that controls movement. It is divided into three sections. Each segment has two legs, with varied adaptations such as running (cursorial), jumping (saltatorial), or swimming (natatorial) depending on the insect’s needs. Winged insects have two sets of wings with venation patterns that serve as structural support. … Read more
Insects, members of the class Insecta, are the most diverse collection of organisms on Earth, playing important roles in ecosystems and human life. Entomology includes taxonomy, physiology, ecology, and applied applications such as agricultural and medical entomology. They play an important role in biodiversity and ecological balance by pollinating, decomposing, and providing natural pest management. … Read more
Oil seed crops, such as mustard, sesame, sunflower, and soybean, are critical to Nepal’s agriculture because of their edible oils and industrial use. These crops make a considerable contribution to household nutrition, rural income, and the agricultural business. They are primarily grown in rainfed locations and contribute significantly to crop diversification and sustainable farming methods. … Read more
Grain legumes, including lentils, chickpeas, soybeans, and pigeon peas, are important crops in Nepal, contributing to food security, soil health, and the economy. They are high in protein and serve an important role in the diets of the majority vegetarian population. Grain legumes, which are grown mostly in rainfed locations, boost soil fertility by fixing … Read more
Agricultural colleges and universities play an important role in agricultural development by providing teaching, research, and extension services. Their goals are centered on increasing knowledge, supporting sustainability, and encouraging innovation to address contemporary agricultural concerns such as food security, climate change mitigation, and rural development. These institutions make a substantial contribution to agricultural production, rural … Read more