Seventh Semester

Compass survey: introduction, meridians, angles and directions, bearing, interior angles, types of compass, use of prismatic compass, traversing, local attraction, and plotting traverse.

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Compass survey: introduction, meridians, angles and directions, bearing, interior angles, types of compass, use of prismatic compass, traversing, local attraction, and plotting traverse.

Compass surveying is a straightforward method used to measure directions, angles, and locations on land using a magnetic compass. It’s particularly useful for small to medium-sized areas, assisting in boundary mapping, construction planning, and engineering projects. Here’s an overview of the basics involved in compass surveying, including concepts such as meridians, bearings, and traversing. Introduction … Read more

Introduction: Definition of surveying, classification, units of measurement, scale (graphical and shrunk scale), conventional signs

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Introduction Definition of surveying, classification, units of measurement, scale (graphical and shrunk scale), conventional signs

Introduction Surveying is a key process in fields like civil engineering, construction, and geography, involving the precise measurement of distances, angles, and positions on or near the Earth’s surface. This data is used to create maps, determine boundaries, and plan construction layouts. Let’s delve into the basics of survey, including its definition, types, units of … Read more

Diet, nutritional and degenerative disease

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Diets ,nutritional and degenerative disease

The food we eat has a big impact on our health, especially when it comes to degenerative diseases chronic conditions that get worse over time. Our diets can play a big role in either helping protect us from these diseases or increasing our risk of them. Here’s a simple look at how diets impact different … Read more

Food processing: Effect of food processing on nutritional status

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Food processing Effect of food processing on nutritional status

Food processing significantly influences the nutritional value of the foods we eat. Though necessary for food safety, flavor enhancement, and longer shelf life, different processing methods can affect nutrient content in both beneficial and detrimental ways. Here’s a breakdown of how food processing impacts nutrition. Defining Food Processing? Food processing encompasses transforming raw ingredients into … Read more

Food toxicities: Naturally occurring toxicants in food, chemical contaminants in foods.

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Food toxicities Naturally occurring toxicants in food, chemical contaminants in foods.

What do you mean by Food toxicities ? Food toxicities refer to harmful substances found in food, which can be either naturally occurring toxins or chemical contaminants. Food is crucial for our health, but sometimes it can contain harmful substances. These toxicities fall into two main categories: naturally occurring toxins and chemical contaminants. Knowing about … Read more

Nutritional deficiency disorders: Protein-energy malnutrition, causes of malnutrition, Methods to solve malnutrition, governments strategy to solve malnutrition

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Nutritional deficiency disorders: Protein-energy malnutrition, causes of malnutrition, Methods to solve malnutrition, governments strategy to solve malnutrition

What is Nutritional deficiency ? A nutritional deficiency is a condition that arises when the body does not receive enough essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, or fats required for optimal health, growth, and physiological functions. It can lead to various health issues depending on which nutrient is lacking and can be caused … Read more

Energy metabolism and physical work performance, factors influencing basal metabolism, Energy requirements for various physiological functions

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Energy metabolism and physical work performance, factors influencing basal metabolism, Energy requirements for various physiological functions

Define Energy Metabolism ? Energy metabolism is the process by which the body converts food into energy for vital functions, from cellular activity to physical movement. This energy powers everything we do, from breathing and thinking to exercise. Also, Energy metabolism refers to how our bodies transform food into usable energy. This energy powers everything … Read more

Water, electrolyte, and mineral balance

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Water balance, electrolyte, and mineral balance

Water, electrolytes, and minerals are vital to keeping the body balanced and ensuring all its processes run smoothly. These elements are key for hydration, muscle movement, nerve signaling, and overall well-being. Knowing their roles helps us understand their importance and the risks associated with an imbalance. 1. Water Balance Water balance is the process by … Read more

Minerals: Major and Minor minerals functions of minerals in the human body. Deficiency Symptoms and food sources

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Minerals Major and Minor minerals functions of minerals in the human body. Deficiency Symptoms and food sources

What are Minerals ? Minerals are vital nutrients our bodies require for a range of important functions. They help strengthen bones, produce hormones, support nerve function, and keep our heart beating smoothly. Minerals are divided into two categories: major minerals, which are needed in larger amounts, and trace or minor minerals, required in smaller quantities. … Read more