A life cycles describes the stages that an organism goes through from birth to reproduction and death, including growth and maturation. Life-history refers to an organism’s methods for allocating resources such as time and energy for survival, development, and reproduction, which are impacted by environmental and evolutionary factors. Life cycles and life-history features, such as … Read more
2.1 Edaphic Factors Edaphic influences are soil conditions that influence plant development and productivity, particularly pasture and fodder crops. For efficient pasture and fodder production, a thorough understanding of soil characteristics and their interplay with environmental elements is essential. 2.1.1 Climate and Its Variation Climate significantly influences the productivity, quality, and availability of pasture and … Read more
The internal anatomy and physiology of respiration, circulation, feeding, digestion, and excretion are interconnected systems that sustain life. The respiratory system supports gas exchange by delivering oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide. The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrition, and wastes throughout the body. Feeding and digestion entails breaking down food into vital nutrients that are taken … Read more
Nepal, an agrarian country, depends largely on cattle for agricultural productivity, economic creation, and rural livelihoods. Livestock production is a major component of the Nepalese economy, accounting for around 25% of agricultural GDP. However, one of the most persistent issues in Nepal’s livestock business is the availability and quality of animal feeds and feeding. Feed … Read more
Insect mouthparts are adapted to their eating behaviors, such as chewing (grasshoppers), piercing-sucking (mosquitoes), siphoning (butterflies), and sponging (houseflies). Their exoskeleton, also known as the cuticle, is a chitin-based protective coat composed of the epicuticle, exocuticle, and endocuticle, which harden through sclerotization. The cuticle creates sclerites, which are hard plates that offer structural support and … Read more
The selection and economics of farm machinery and equipment are crucial in increasing farm efficiency. Farmers, whether they own their machinery or hire them, must strike a balance between capacity, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. This procedure includes assessing field capacity, operational efficiency, fixed and variable expenses, and the viability of custom hiring farm machinery. Field Capacity … Read more
Insect antennae are diverse sensory organs that sense chemical signals (smell), vibrations, and, in some cases, temperature and humidity. Insects have highly developed antennae that vary greatly in shape and function, detecting chemical, mechanical, and even thermal stimuli. Filiform (thread-like), pectinate (comb-like), and plumose (feathery) features are common adaptations designed for specific objectives such as … Read more
A combine harvester is a complicated agricultural machine used to harvest a wide range of grain crops. The name “combine” refers to how this equipment combines three harvesting operations—reaping, threshing, and winnowing—into a single process. This mechanisation transformed farming by saving time and labour while lowering grain losses. Crops that the combine harvester can handle … Read more
In insects, the thorax is the core body portion that controls movement. It is divided into three sections. Each segment has two legs, with varied adaptations such as running (cursorial), jumping (saltatorial), or swimming (natatorial) depending on the insect’s needs. Winged insects have two sets of wings with venation patterns that serve as structural support. … Read more
Threshing Methods and Their Mechanization Threshing is the process of separating grains from the harvested crop. Traditionally, it was done manually, but mechanization has made this process much more efficient. Traditional Methods: Mechanized Threshing: Mechanised threshing employs threshers, which separate the grain from the stalks more efficiently. Threshing machines can be independent or integrated with … Read more