Post harvest changes in fruits and vegetables

post harvest changes in fruits and vegetables

Introduction to Post Harvest Changes Post-harvest change refers to the natural physical, chemical, and biological processes that occur in fruits and vegetables after they are harvested. These changes include respiration, moisture loss, ripening, softening, color and flavor alteration, nutrient degradation, and microbial spoilage. After fruits and vegetables are harvested, they undergo a series of physical, … Read more

Somaclonal variation and cryopreservation

somaclonal variation and cryopreservation

Introduction In plant biotechnology, two techniques have gained significant importance due to their contributions to genetic improvement and long-term preservation of plant materials: somaclonal variation and cryopreservation. Somaclonal variation refers to the genetic and phenotypic differences observed among plants regenerated from somatic cells through tissue culture. It offers a potential source of novel traits that … Read more

Application of somatic hybrids and cybrids in crop improvement

application of somatic hybrids and cybrids in crop improvement

Introduction to Somatic Hybrids and Cybrids In the field of plant biotechnology, somatic hybrids and cybrids represent important breakthroughs in the development of novel crop varieties. These techniques are built on the manipulation of protoplasts plant cells without cell walls which can be fused to create hybrid cells that combine traits from different species or … Read more

Somatic hybridization and cybrids

Somatic hybridization and cybrids

Somatic hybridization and cybrid production are advanced techniques in plant biotechnology. They help in combining the genetic material of different plant species, creating new plant varieties that are difficult to produce through traditional breeding. These methods are essential for crop improvement, disease resistance, and developing plants with unique traits. Somatic Hybridization: Process, Advantages, and Limitations … Read more

Micropropagation techniques applications and challenges

micropropagation techniques applications and challenges

Micropropagation is a modern plant tissue culture technique used for rapidly multiplying plants under sterile conditions. It has become a key method in plant biotechnology, agriculture, and horticulture due to its ability to produce large numbers of genetically identical and disease-free plants. In this guide, we will explore the techniques, applications, and challenges of micropropagation … Read more

Organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis and synthetic seed production technology

organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis and synthetic seed production technology

Organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, and synthetic seed production are vital techniques in plant tissue culture and biotechnology. These methods are used for plant propagation, genetic improvement, and conservation of plant species. In this guide, we will explore each of these technologies in detail, explaining their processes, importance, and applications. Organogenesis What is Organogenesis? Organogenesis is the … Read more

Techniques of in vitro culture

Techniques of in vitro culture

Introduction to In Vitro Culture In vitro culture, often referred to as tissue culture, is a set of techniques used to grow plant cells, tissues, or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium. This method plays a critical role in modern plant biotechnology, allowing for the rapid multiplication of plants, conservation of rare … Read more

Direct and indirect methods of gene transfer in plant

Direct and indirect methods of gene transfer in plant

1. Gene Transfer in Plants Gene transfer in plants is the process of introducing foreign genetic material into plant cells to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs) with desirable traits such as pest resistance, improved yield, or drought tolerance. This transfer can be achieved through various methods, broadly categorized as direct gene transfer and indirect gene … Read more

Fundamentals of Agronomy

Fundamentals of Agronomy

What is Agronomy? Agronomy is the science of growing crops. It helps farmers understand how to produce more food while taking care of the land. Think of agronomy like a guidebook for farming – it tells farmers the best ways to plant seeds, care for crops, and harvest food. This science is very important because … Read more

Fundamentals of horticulture

Fundamentals of horticulture

Introduction to Horticulture What is Horticulture? Horticulture is like gardening on a professional level. It’s all about growing plants in a smart, scientific way to get the best results. While regular farming focuses on producing large amounts of crops like wheat or rice, horticulture is more about high-quality fruits, vegetables, flowers, and even designing beautiful … Read more