Upshan
Introduction Environmental Studies and Disaster Management is a comprehensive field of study that combines the understanding of environmental systems with the processes of preparing for, responding to, and recovering from disasters. It aims to equip individuals and communities with the knowledge and tools necessary to maintain ecological balance and manage hazards effectively. This subject has … Read more
1. Introduction The process spawning in button mushroom cultivation is one of the most important stages for ensuring a good yield and healthy mushroom growth. Spawning refers to the introduction of mushroom mycelium (the vegetative part of the fungus) into the growing medium, usually compost. This is the step where the foundation is laid for … Read more
What is casing in mushroom farming? Casing in mushroom farming is an important step, especially in the cultivation of species like Agaricus bisporus (commonly known as the white button mushroom). After the mycelium has completely colonized the compost or substrate, a layer of casing material is applied on top. This casing layer does not serve … Read more
INTRODUCTION Milk Packaging and milk products plays a crucial role in ensuring their safety, hygiene, and extended shelf life. Proper packaging helps to protect dairy items from contamination, spoilage, physical damage, and exposure to light, oxygen, or moisture. With increasing consumer demand for convenience, freshness, and food safety, innovative packaging solutions have become essential for … Read more
Introduction Animal identification is the process of marking animals in a way that allows them to be individually recognized. It is essential for farm management, breeding programs, health monitoring, insurance, and traceability. Proper identification helps in maintaining accurate records and preventing theft or loss of animals. Different methods are used depending on the type of … Read more
INTRODUCTION TO SOILS OF INDIA India is a vast country with diverse topography, climate, and vegetation, leading to the formation of different types of soils across its regions. Soil is the uppermost layer of the earth’s crust, crucial for agriculture, forestry, and sustaining life. The fertility, color, texture, and depth of soil determine the types … Read more
INTRODUCTION TO RABI CROPS Rabi crops are sown in the winter season and harvested in the spring. These crops are also called “winter crops” and typically require cooler climates for germination and growth but mature in relatively warmer spring weather. Common examples include wheat, barley, mustard, gram, and peas. Rabi cropping plays a significant role … Read more
INTRODUCTION Ornamental horticulture plays a vital role in beautifying spaces, enhancing mental well-being, and adding economic value through commercial floriculture and landscaping. The production technology for ornamental crops focuses on scientifically managing plant selection, propagation, cultivation, and maintenance to achieve high-quality output suitable for aesthetic and functional purposes. Landscaping, along with proper mapping and design … Read more
INTRODUCTION Sowing and transplanting are two of the most essential practices in agriculture that determine how seeds or young seedlings are established in a field. These processes have a direct impact on plant population, crop health, and final yield. Choosing the right method, depth, and timing depends on the crop type, soil, climate, and available … Read more
INTRODUCTION Dryland agriculture refers to the practice of farming in regions with low or irregular rainfall, where irrigation is not possible or is extremely limited. These areas generally receive less than 750 mm of annual rainfall and face frequent droughts, harsh climate, and poor soil fertility. This method of agriculture is vital for ensuring food … Read more